Product Name: Hydrochloric Acid
Synonyms: Muriatic Acid, Chlorohydric Acid
Chemical Formula: HCl (aqueous solution)
CAS Number: 7647-01-0
Recommended Uses: Metal cleaning, pH regulation, chemical manufacturing, ore processing, food additive (regulator)
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GHS Classification: Corrosive to metals (Category 1), Skin corrosion/irritation (Category 1A), Serious eye damage (Category 1), Specific target organ toxicity—single exposure (Respiratory) (Category 3)
Signal Word: Danger
Hazard Statements: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage, corrosive to respiratory tract, may cause respiratory irritation, may be corrosive to metals
Pictograms: Corrosion, Exclamation mark
Precautionary Statements: Avoid breathing mist/vapors; Wear protective gloves, clothing, eye/face protection; Wash thoroughly after handling; Store locked up, in corrosion-resistant container; Do not eat, drink, or smoke near product; Keep away from metals
Chemical Name: Hydrochloric Acid
Concentration: 30-37% aqueous solution
Ingredient: Hydrogen chloride (HCl)
CAS Number: 7647-01-0
Impurities: Small traces of chlorine, iron, or other inorganic materials may be present
Other Data: Balance is water (CAS 7732-18-5)
Inhalation: Move victim to fresh air immediately, seek medical attention; assist breathing with oxygen if needed
Skin Contact: Remove contaminated clothing, rinse skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, seek medical help if irritation persists
Eye Contact: Rinse cautiously with lukewarm water for a minimum of 15 minutes, keep eyelids open during rinsing, immediate medical attention needed
Ingestion: Do not induce vomiting, rinse mouth only if victim is conscious, give water to dilute, get medical help
Note to Doctor: Treatment should focus on alleviating symptoms and repeated washing, monitor for respiratory complications
Suitable Extinguishing Media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide; product itself does not burn, but reacts with metals to release hydrogen gas, which can form explosive mixtures
Specific Hazards from Chemical: Emits toxic fumes of hydrogen chloride and chlorine at high temperatures, reacts violently with many substances; containers exposed to fire may rupture and release gas
Protective Equipment for Firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) and full chemical-resistant suit
Firefighting Instructions: Approach from upwind; use water spray to cool containers
Personal Precautions: Evacuate area, use appropriate protective equipment including acid-resistant gloves, goggles, face shield, apron, chemical boots, and respirator
Environmental Precautions: Prevent spillage from reaching drains, soil, or waterways
Cleanup Methods: Neutralize with soda ash or lime, contain spill, absorb with inert material (sand, earth, vermiculite), collect in suitable container for disposal, ventilate area, wash spill site thoroughly after material removal
Decontamination: Clean tools and surfaces with plenty of water
Handling: Always use with adequate ventilation, avoid inhaling vapors, contact with skin or eyes; transfer only with non-metallic, corrosion-resistant equipment; never add water to acid, add acid to water
Storage: Store in cool, well-ventilated area, away from incompatible substances such as bases, oxidizers, organic materials, and most metals; keep containers tightly closed and properly labeled; use glass, polyethylene, or lined steel containers; avoid exposure to heat, direct sunlight, or freezing temperatures
Storage Life: Chemical remains stable for extended periods if stored properly
Occupational Exposure Limits: OSHA PEL: 5 ppm ceiling, ACGIH TLV: 2 ppm ceiling
Engineering Controls: Use local exhaust ventilation, chemical fume hood, splash-proof eyewash station, emergency shower in work area
Personal Protective Equipment: Chemical-resistant gloves (neoprene, nitrile), safety goggles or full-face shield, acid-resistant clothing, chemical-proof boots
Respiratory Protection: Use NIOSH-approved respirator for acid gases if airborne exposure limits are exceeded
Hygiene Measures: Wash hands and face after handling, do not eat, drink, or smoke around chemical, remove contaminated clothing promptly and launder before reuse
Appearance: Clear, colorless to slightly yellow liquid
Odor: Pungent, irritating
Odor Threshold: 0.3 – 2.0 ppm
pH: <1 (very acidic, depends on concentration)
Melting Point/Freezing Point: -27°C (approximate for 37% solution)
Boiling Point: 110°C (approximate for 37% solution)
Flash Point: Not applicable
Evaporation Rate: Fast
Flammability: Non-flammable
Vapor Pressure: 40 mm Hg @ 25°C (for concentrated solutions)
Vapor Density: 1.3 (air = 1)
Relative Density: 1.18 – 1.19 (for 37% HCl solution)
Solubility: Miscible in water
Partition Coefficient (n-octanol/water): Not available
Auto-Ignition Temperature: Not applicable
Decomposition Temperature: >150°C (releases HCl gas)
Viscosity: Similar to water
Chemical Stability: Stable under normal storage and use
Possible Hazardous Reactions: Reacts with metals (especially aluminum, zinc, magnesium) to liberate flammable hydrogen gas, reacts violently with bases and strong oxidizers
Conditions to Avoid: Exposure to incompatible materials, contact with metals, strong heating, direct sunlight, mixing with water improperly
Incompatible Materials: Alkalis, oxidizing agents, metals, cyanides, sulfides, formaldehyde, organic matter
Decomposition Products: Hydrogen chloride gas, chlorine gas
Acute Toxicity: Inhalation causes coughing, choking, shortness of breath; ingestion produces corrosive burns of mouth, throat, stomach; skin contact results in deep burns
Chronic Effects: Long-term inhalation damages respiratory tract and dental enamel, may cause chronic bronchitis
LD50 (oral, rat): About 700 mg/kg (for HCl)
LC50 (inhalation, rat, 1 hr): About 3124 ppm
Irritation: Skin/eye/respiratory tract severe irritant
Sensitization: Not classified as sensitizer
Carcinogenicity, Mutagenicity: Not classified as a carcinogen by IARC or NTP
Reproductive Toxicity: Not expected at occupational levels
Potential Routes of Exposure: Inhalation, dermal, ocular, ingestion
Aquatic Toxicity: Highly toxic to aquatic organisms due to rapid drop in pH; 96-hour LC50 (fish): 20.5 mg/L; can kill fish or aquatic insects on contact
Persistence and Degradability: HCl completely dissociates in water to form chloride ions and hydronium ions; not persistent, but acidifies water body
Bioaccumulative Potential: Low (chloride ions do not bioaccumulate)
Mobility in Soil: Fast migration through soil, acidifies groundwater
Environmental Effects: Lowers soil and water pH; may harm plant and animal life at release site
Other Adverse Effects: Neutralization required prior to sewer or landfill disposal
Waste Treatment Methods: Neutralize with alkaline agents under controlled conditions; dilute and flush to sewer only after full neutralization and approval from local authorities
Disposal of Containers: Rinse container thoroughly, neutralize any residues, dispose in approved facility
Hazardous Waste Number: D002 (Corrosive waste, US RCRA classification)
Precautions for Disposal: Do not discharge concentrated acid into drains, waterways, or soil; use only licensed hazardous waste contractors
Regulatory Requirements: Comply with federal, state, and local regulations
UN Number: UN1789
Proper Shipping Name: Hydrochloric Acid Solution
Transport Hazard Class: 8 (Corrosive)
Packing Group: II
Marine Pollutant: Not classified as a marine pollutant
Special Precautions: Secure upright, label containers clearly, avoid transporting with incompatible substances
OSHA: Listed as hazardous chemical; subject to workplace safety standards
SARA Title III: Listed under Sections 302 (extremely hazardous), 311/312 (immediate health hazard, reactive hazard), and 313 (reportable chemical)
TSCA: Listed
WHMIS (Canada): Class E - Corrosive Material
REACH (EU): Registered under EC No 231-595-7
Labeling Requirements: GHS label, corrosion pictogram, hazard and precautionary statements; container must display relevant hazard warnings
Other Related Regulations: Subject to Clean Water Act restrictions, CERCLA reportable quantity 5000 lbs (2270 kg), State Right-to-Know laws; check local requirements in addition to national regulations
